Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper
Factors that influence Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Process in Patients
As an advanced nursing practitioner, we must consider how medications function, different types of medications, with absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion processes (Cappell, 2017). Medicine treatment plays a vital part in improving humans’ wellbeing by raising the quality of life and making life expectancy longer (Kelly et al., 2018). The pharmacist profession’s mission is to serve humanity as the line of work responsible for the correct usage of medicines, tools, and facilities to achieve the desired therapeutic result (American Pharmacist Association, 2013). The pharmacokinetics function is to get medication to the site of action where it can produce its pharmacodynamic effect (Rosenbaum, 2016) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
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Coumadin resistance is a condition in which a person has a high tolerance for Coumadin (United States National Library of Medicine, 2019). Factors that may result in Coumadin resistance include diet, age, genetics, and other medications. Some individuals with Coumadin resistance have no response to the drug at all. However, others can benefit from Coumadin treatment at a high dose (United States Department of Health and Human Resources, 2015). This portrays the two types of Coumadin resistance referred to as either complete or incomplete.
Case Study
While I was working in acute care, I saw an issue with a patient called Nadin. Nadin was on Coumadin treatment related to the formation of chronic deep vein thrombosis (DVT). He had a long history of DVTs, and when he was admitted to the hospital, he was already on Coumadin. On his second day in the hospital, I was assigned to care for Nadin. He had been treated by hematology since the beginning of his stay at the hospital. Although the hematologist had increased Nadin’s Coumadin dosage during the first few days, he was unable to reach the international normalized ratio (INR). The patient was getting around 30 to 40mg of Coumadin every day, many days into his stay as the hematologist claimed that Nadin was resistant to Coumadin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
Plan of Care Personalized for the Patient
There was no direct cause discovered concerning Nadin’s Coumadin resistance, but after reaching a specific dose, he indeed reached a therapeutic level. This patient has a role to play in managing his own health. Some of the tasks involved in this process can be difficult; therefore, it requires confidence and skill. These tasks include taking the prescribed dose as ordered properly, maintaining or adopting a healthy lifestyle, solving practical issues, controlling emotions, coping with the effects of his condition on his everyday life, and knowing how and when to seek professional guidance or community support (Coulter et al., 2015).
Therefore, in developing personalized care for this patient, he should be provided with an education that revolves around teaching him the significance of taking medicines diligently, and he should have the INR drawn in line with the hematologist’s recommendations. He will also be able to watch for any adverse reactions or side effects brought by medication and seek medical advice immediately. The importance of developing personalized care for this patient is that it will provide support from health professionals focused on meeting his needs. This kind of support identifies the concerns of the patient and assists him in having more ability to manage his health. Therefore, the hematologist will have a series of conversations with Nadin and agree on actions and goals for managing his health problem Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
References
Kelly, S. H., Koharchik, L., Henry, R., Cippel, M., Hardner, S., Kolesar, A., & Clark, B. (2018). An Advanced Medication Administration Experience to Promote Students’ Knowledge Acquisition in the Skill of Administering Medications. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13(2), 104-107.
Cappell, M. S. (2017). Principles and practice of hospital medicine. McGraw-Hill Education Medical.
Rosenbaum, S. E. (Ed.). (2016). Basic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: An integrated textbook and computer simulations. John Wiley & Sons.
Vision and Mission for the Pharmacy Profession. Pharmacist.com. (2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020, from https://www.pharmacist.com/vision-and-mission-pharmacy-profession.
Warfarin resistance | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. Rarediseases.info.nih.gov. (2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020, from https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/12721/warfarin-resistance.
Coulter, A., Entwistle, V. A., Eccles, A., Ryan, S., Shepperd, S., & Perera, R. (2015). Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long‐term health conditions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
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Discussion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics It is important to not only understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships between drugs and the body can be described by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body. When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease. For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug. To Prepare • Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. • Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug. • Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease. • Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
The assignment: Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples. Readings/Resources Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. • Chapter 1, “Prescriptive Authority” (pp. 1–3) • Chapter 2, “Rational Drug Selection and Prescription Writing” (pp. 5–9) • Chapter 3, “Promoting Positive Outcomes of Drug Therapy” (pp. 11–16) • Chapter 4, “Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Interactions” (pp. 17–40) • Chapter 5, “Adverse Drug Reactions and Medical Errors” (pp. 41–49) • Chapter 6, “Individual Variation in Drug Response” (pp. 51–56) American Geriatrics Society 2019 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. (2019). American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(4), 674–694. doi:10.1111/jgs.15767 American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults by American Geriatrics Society, in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 67/Issue 4. Copyright 2019 by Blackwell Publishing. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing via the Copyright Clearance Center. This article is an update to the Beers Criteria, which includes lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults as well as newly added criteria that lists select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual\’s kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-a). Code of federal regulations. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1300/1300_01.htm This website outlines the code of federal regulations for prescription drugs. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-b). Mid-level practitioners authorization by state. Retrieved May 13, 2019 from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/practioners/index.html This website outlines the schedules for controlled substances, including prescriptive authority for each schedule. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2006). Practitioner’s manual. Retrieved from http://www.legalsideofpain.com/uploads/pract_manual090506.pdf This manual is a resource for practitioners who prescribe, dispense, and administer controlled substances. It provides information on general requirements, security issues, recordkeeping, prescription requirements, and addiction treatment programs. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.-c). Registration. Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/index.html This website details key aspects of drug registration. Fowler, M. D. M., & American Nurses Association. (2015). Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements: Development, Interpretation, and Application (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: American Nurses Association. This resource introduces the code of ethics for nurses and highlights critical aspects for ethical guideline development, interpretation, and application in practice. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. (2017) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper.
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List of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations. Retrieved from https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/error-prone-abbreviations-list This website provides a list of prescription-writing abbreviations that might lead to misinterpretation, as well as suggestions for preventing resulting errors. Ladd, E., & Hoyt, A. (2016). Shedding light on nurse practitioner prescribing. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(3), 166–173. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.09.17 This article provides NPs with information regarding state-based laws for NP prescribing. Sabatino, J. A., Pruchnicki, M. C., Sevin, A. M., Barker, E., Green, C. G., & Porter, K. (2017). Improving prescribing practices: A pharmacist‐led educational intervention for nurse practitioner students. Journal of the American Association ofNursePractitioners, 29(5), 248–254. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12446 The authors of this article assess the impact of a pharmacist‐led educational intervention on family nurse practitioner (FNP) students’ prescribing skills, perception of preparedness to prescribe, and perception of pharmacist as collaborator Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Sample Paper